トランプ政権は、2025年6月に新たなガイドライン（以下「本ガイドライン」）を発表し、海外腐敗行為防止法（FCPA）の執行一時停止を解除した。この4か月間続いた一時停止措置は、トランプ大統領が、同年2月に大統領令14209に署名し、米国司法省（DOJ）に対して、「既存のすべてのFCPA調査・執行措置」を再評価すること、米国の経済的・国家安全保障上の利益を優先するポリシーを策定すること、を指示したことから始まったものである。
重要な変更点：FCPAの調査・執行に関するガイドライン
Todd Blanche司法副長官が発行した本ガイドラインでは、以下の通り、FCPA調査の5つの主要な重点分野が定められている。
- 麻薬カルテルと国際的犯罪組織（TCOs）への継続的な取り締まり：これらの組織に関連するマネーロンダリングや外国公務員への賄賂に関する案件を含む。
- 海外で事業を展開する米国企業を支援するためのFCPAの活用：本ガイドラインの下では、不正行為が米国企業の公正な競争の機会を奪ったり、米国企業に経済的損害を与えたりした案件が優先される。
- 米国の国家安全保障の促進：重要インフラ、深海港、鉱物、その他の戦略的資産に関する執行措置がその手段となる。
- 重大な不正行為の調査を優先：本ガイドラインでは、通常のビジネス慣行ではなく、重大な不正行為に焦点を当てるべきであると述べられている。具体的には、多額の賄賂、高度な隠蔽工作、司法妨害が対象となり、「些細な（de-minimis）」ビジネス上の礼儀は対象外となる。
- その他の考慮要素：その他の変更点には、新たな調査に際してDOJ高官の承認を義務付けること、調査全体を通じて「付随的な影響」を考慮すること、企業構造ではなく個人に焦点を当てること、迅速な調査を重視すること、が含まれる。
Footnotes
[1] On the same day that the new FCPA guidelines were issued, Galeotti delivered remarks at the American Conference Institute Conference on Global Anti-Corruption, Ethics & Compliance related to the new FCPA guidelines and the broader May 12, 2025 white-collar enforcement guidelines. Galeotti emphasized that the guidelines provide a non-exhaustive list of factors and evaluation criteria for FCPA enforcement. He characterized these guidelines as a step towards “the vindication of US interest.”
[2] The May 12, 2025 memo on white-collar enforcement outlines the Criminal Division’s enforcement priorities and policies for prosecuting corporate and white collar-crime. It has several overlapping themes with the new FCPA guidelines: (1) a focus on protecting US interests by limiting the burdens/harms from white-collar investigations and prosecutions; (2) a focus on Chinese companies; (3) a focus on Cartels and Transnational Criminal Organizations (TCOs); (4) and a shift towards prosecuting individuals instead of assigning the malfeasance to companies. See US Department of Justice, Criminal Division, “Focus, Fairness, and Efficiency in the Fight Against White-Collar Crime” (May 12, 2025).
[3] For more information on the Executive Order, please see: Jenner & Block, “Client Alert: The Trump Administration Calls for a Pause on New FCPA Enforcement, but Don’t Abandon Compliance Programs Just Yet” (Feb. 14, 2025).
[4] See Executive Order 14209, “Pausing Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Enforcement to Further American Economic and National Security,” Sec. 2 (Feb. 10, 2025).
[5] Office of the Attorney General, “Total Elimination of Cartels and Transnational Criminal Organizations” (Feb. 5, 2025).
[6] TCOs refer to organized crime coordinated across national borders, involving groups or markets of individuals working in more than one country to plan and execute illegal business ventures. See Yuriy A. Voronin, “Measures to Control Transnational Organized Crime,” Summary, Nat’l Criminal Just. Reference Serv., U.S. Dep’t of Just., NCJ No. 184773, (2000).
[7] Often more important than stated policy objectives, staffing (for FCPA) remains an open question. The Trump Administration’s priorities may be more obviously reflected in whether the resources for bringing FCPA cases remain within the DOJ or if they have been diverted to other more pressing concerns. This includes the need for a clearer understanding of the number of trial lawyers in the FCPA Unit itself, the support of detailees to the Unit, and the capacity for bringing these cases at the 93 US Attorney’s Offices around the country.
[8] See Office of the Attorney General, “Guidelines for Investigations and Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)”, Sec. 1(A) (June 9, 2025).
[9] Id., Sec. 1(B).
[10] The memo also instructs prosecutors in conducting investigations and prosecutions under the Foreign Extortion Prevention Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1352, which criminalizes the “demand side” of foreign bribery, to consider whether specific and identifiable US entities or individuals have been harmed by foreign officials’ demands for bribes.
[11] Supra note 1.
[12] Supra note 7, Sec. 1(C).
[13] Id., quoting Executive Order §1.
[14]Supra note 7, Sec. 1(D).
[15] Id., quoting Executive Order §1.
[16] Id.
[17] Id.
[18] Id.
[19] Supra note 7, Sec. 2.
[20] Supra note 7 at 1.
[21] Jenner & Block, “Client Alert: The Case for Compliance: Why UK and EU Businesses Should Continue to Invest in Their Compliance Programs” (Mar. 24, 2025).
[22] Law 360 UK, “Ephgrave Eyes Covert Tactics To Fix Drop in Self-Reporting” (April 3, 2025).
[23] GOV.UK, “UK, France and Switzerland announce new anti-corruption alliance” (Mar. 20, 2025).
[24] International Anti-Corruption Prosecutorial Taskforce, Founding Statement (Mar. 20, 2025).
[25] 18 U.S.C. § 3292
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